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Clemence of Barking
Clemence of Barking (fl. 1163-1200) was a 12th-century Benedictine nun and Anglo-Norman poet-translator of Barking Abbey.〔(Barking Abbey and Medieval Literary Culture, pgs 164-182 )〕 She is noted for writing a translation of the biography, the ''Life of Saint Catherine''. Clemence's hagiography of Saint Catherine of Alexandria is widely regarded as, what would be considered today, a feminist text.〔
== Life in Barking Abbey ==
Clemence was a nun of Barking Abbey during the 12th century. Barking Abbey was a royal monastery located in the Essex Borough of Barking and Dagenham, Essex, England. Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Barking Abbey was originally established in the seventh century around 666 AD and followed the Rule of Saint Benedict.〔 It is very likely that Barking Abbey was one of the first monasteries founded in Britain, and it retained close ties to the British monarchy throughout its existence. Mary, the sister of Thomas Becket, was appointed as abbess by Henry II during Clemence's time at the abbey of Barking. Many of the abbesses at Barking Abbey were familially related to the British royal house, and likely often selected by the monarch until the early thirteenth century.〔 The nuns of Barking Abbey were granted with a level of social, political, and economic independence that was generally only seen in religious houses that were directly associated with social and political elites, such as the British monarchy. Because Barking Abbey was one of the most wealthy monasteries in Britain at the time, the nuns at Barking were allowed more freedom to pursue cultural and literary interests.〔 The nuns of Barking Abbey were also granted a great deal of theological independence.〔 The nuns often set their own liturgy, and contributed to the ecclesiastical and liturgical expansion of their religious community through letters to other monasteries. As a nun of Barking Abbey, Clemence was part of an elite religious community under the protection of British monarchy.
In addition to her work, many other texts have been associated with the abbey of Barking, including Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence's ''Life of Thomas Becket'', and Adgar's ''Gracial.''〔 Under the Rule of St. Benedict, daily reading in both private and communal settings was both required and necessary to properly celebrate the Bible. The presence of Barking Abbey's library suggests that reading and literature were significant components of daily life. The nuns contributed texts at the monasteries; however, very few medieval monastery manuscripts remain, making it difficult to discern how much writing nuns were contributing at the time. It is likely that Barking's nuns were creating texts to be shared with each other, with royalty, and other outside visitors. Following the Cluniac Reforms of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the production of books was encouraged, and women were contributing more writing as a result.〔
There is very limited information about Clemence outside of her writings and association with Barking Abbey, as she lived a relatively anonymous life. Her monastery and its historical and political connections may reveal the most about Clemence.〔 The only identifiable traces of Clemence's life are in her translation of the ''Life of Saint Catherine'', in which she leaves the signature, "I who have translated (Catherine's ) life, by name am called Clemence. I am a nun of Barking. For the love of her I undertook this work."〔 It is believed that Clemence also translated an anonymous Anglo-Norman version of Aelred of Rievaulx's Latin ''Life of St. Edward the Confessor,'' which was composed at Barking Abbey between 1163 and 1170. Nonetheless, there is not enough evidence to determine who translated the ''Life of St. Edward'', as anonymous writing was common in Middle English literature, and even more common among women writers.〔
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